nor false : whereas Chrysippus takes its subject to be signs and things signified. Such then is the gist of what the Stoics say in their theory of language. To the department dealing with things as such and things signified is assigned the doctrine of expressions, including those which are complete in themselves, as well as judgements and syllogisms and that of defective expressions comprising predicates both direct and reversed. By verbal expression they mean that of which the content corresponds to some rational presentation. Of such expressions the Stoics say that some are complete in themselves and others defective. Those are defective the enunciation of which is unfinished, as e.g. " writes," for we inquire " Who ? " Whereas in those that are complete in themselves the enunciation is finished, as " Socrates writes." And so under the head of defective expressions are ranged all predicates, while under those complete in themselves fall judgements, syllogisms, questions, and inquiries. A predicate is, according to the followers of Apollodorus, what is said of something ; in other words, a thing associated with one or more subjects ; or, again, it may be defined as a defective expression which has to be joined on to a nominative case in order to yield a judgement. Of predicates some are adjectival [and so have personal subjects], as e.g. " to sail through rocks." b Again, some predicates are direct, some reversed, some neither. Now direct predicates are those that are constructed with one of the oblique cases, as " hears," " sees," " conpersonal verb with subject in oblique case, as /xe'Xet fxoi. For other conjectures see Zeller, Phil, der Gr. iii. I 3 , 89 note 2,90.