perceptions, either by actual contact or by analogy, or resemblance, or composition, with some slight aid from reasoning. And the objects presented to madmen a and to people in dreams are true, for they produce effects i.e. movements in the mind — which that which is unreal never doesj yBy preconception they mean a sort of apprehension or a right opinion or notion, or universal idea stored in the mind ; that is, a recollection of an external object often presented, e.g. Such and such a thing is a man : for no sooner is the word " man " uttered khan we think of his shape by an act of preconcepion. in which the senses take the lead. 6 Thus the object primarily denoted by every term is then plain land clear. And we should never have started an investigation, unless we had known what it was that * were in search of. For example : The object standing yonder is a horse or a cow. Before making this judgement, we must at some time or other have known by preconception the shape of a horse or a cow. We should not have given anything a name, if we had not first learnt its form by way of preconception. It follows, then, that preconceptions are clear J iThe object of a judgement is derived from something previously clear, by reference to which we frame the proposition, e.g. " How do we know that this is a man ?/' Opinion they also call conception or assumption, and declare it to be true and false c ; for it is true if it is subsequently confirmed or if it is not contradicted by evidence, and false if it is not subsequently confirmed or is contradicted by evidence. Hence the introduction of the phrase, ' that which awaits " confirmation, e.g. to wait and